Andragogy

Malcolm Knowles is recognized as the "father of adult education" and "andragogy".  Andragogy is an “integrated framework of adult learning” (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 1998, p.58).  Pedagogy specifically refers to the art and science of teaching children. (Greek)  Andragogy is based
on the Greek word aner (with the stem andr-), meaning “man”.  Andragogy is the art and science of teaching and helping adults to learn. 

According to Knowles, Holton, and Swanson (1998), the six principles of andragogy are:
1. The learner’s need to know
2. Self-concept of the learner
3. Prior experience of the learner
4. Readiness to learn
5. Orientation to learning
6. Motivation to learn.

Adult experiences can provide a wider range of individual differences in learners, which are often the basis of the adult's self concept.  Knowles (1969)  believed adults preferred problem-solving versus subject oriented learning. 

Barriers to adult learning include accessibility, affordability, and accountability.  Knowles believed the core principles listed above were integral to designing effective educational programs for adults, taking into account the uniqueness of each situation.

References
Knowles, M.S., Holton, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (1998). The adult learner: The definitive classic
in adult education and human resource development (5th ed.). Houston, TX: Gulf.
Knowles, M. S. (1962). The adult education movement in the United States. New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston Inc.
Knowles, M.S. (1969). Higher education in the United States: The current picture, trends, and
issues. Washington D.C.: American Council on Education.
Knowles, M.S. (1970). The modern practice of adult education; Andragogy versus pedagogy.
New York: Association Press.
Knox, A. B. (1993). Strengthening adult and continuing education: A global perspective on
synergistic leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.